-
ablative
0
adj 1: relating to the ablative case
2: tending to ablate; i.e. to be removed or vaporized at very
high temperature; "ablative material on a rocket cone"
n 1: the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the
instrument or manner or place of the action described by
the verb [syn: ablative, ablative case]
-
absorptive
0
adj 1: having power or capacity or tendency to absorb or soak up
something (liquids or energy etc.); "as absorbent as a
sponge" [syn: absorbent, absorptive] [ant:
nonabsorbent, nonabsorptive]
-
accelerative
0
adj 1: tending to increase velocity [syn: accelerative,
acceleratory]
-
acculturative
0
adj 1: of or relating to acculturation [syn: acculturational,
acculturative]
-
accumulative
0
adj 1: increasing by successive addition; "the benefits are
cumulative"; "the eventual accumulative effect of these
substances" [syn: accumulative, cumulative]
2: marked by acquiring or amassing; "we live in an accumulative
society"
-
adaptive
0
adj 1: having a capacity for adaptation; "the adaptive coloring
of a chameleon" [syn: adaptive, adaptative] [ant:
maladaptive]
-
administrative
0
adj 1: of or relating to or responsible for administration
-
adoptive
0
adj 1: of parents and children; related by adoption; "adoptive
parents" [ant: biological]
2: acquired as your own by free choice; "my adopted state"; "an
adoptive country" [syn: adopted, adoptive] [ant:
native]
-
adsorptive
0
adj 1: having capacity or tendency to adsorb or cause to
accumulate on a surface [syn: adsorbent, adsorptive,
surface-assimilative] [ant: nonadsorbent,
nonadsorptive]
-
agglomerative
0
adj 1: clustered together but not coherent; "an agglomerated
flower head" [syn: agglomerate, agglomerated,
agglomerative, clustered]
-
alliterative
0
adj 1: having the same consonant at the beginning of each
stressed syllable; "alliterative verse"
-
alterative
0
adj 1: tending to cure or restore to health; "curative powers of
herbal remedies"; "her gentle healing hand"; "remedial
surgery"; "a sanative environment of mountains and fresh
air"; "a therapeutic agent"; "therapeutic diets" [syn:
curative, healing(p), alterative, remedial,
sanative, therapeutic]
-
ameliorative
0
adj 1: tending to ameliorate [syn: ameliorating(a),
ameliorative, amelioratory, meliorative]
-
appellative
0
adj 1: pertaining to or dealing with or used as a common noun
2: inclined to or serving for the giving of names; "the
appellative faculty of children"; "the appellative function
of some primitive rites" [syn: appellative, naming(a)]
n 1: identifying word or words by which someone or something is
called and classified or distinguished from others [syn:
appellation, denomination, designation,
appellative]
-
assertive
0
adj 1: aggressively self-assured; "an energetic assertive boy
who was always ready to argue"; "pointing directly at a
listener is an assertive act" [syn: assertive, self-
asserting, self-assertive] [ant: unassertive]
-
assimilative
0
adj 1: capable of mentally absorbing ; "assimilative processes",
"assimilative capacity of the human mind"
2: capable of taking (gas, light, or liquids) into a solution;
"an assimilative substance [syn: assimilating,
assimilative, assimilatory]
-
assumptive
0
adj 1: excessively forward; "an assumptive person"; "on a
subject like this it would be too assuming for me to
decide"; "the duchess would not put up with presumptuous
servants" [syn: assumptive, assuming, presumptuous]
2: accepted as real or true without proof; "the assumed reason
for his absence"; "assumptive beliefs"
-
attributive
0
adj 1: of adjectives; placed before the nouns they modify;
"`red' is an attributive adjective in `a red apple'"
[syn: attributive, prenominal] [ant: predicative]
-
automotive
0
adj 1: of or relating to motor vehicles; "automotive supplies"
2: containing within itself the means of propulsion or movement;
"a self-propelled vehicle" [syn: automotive, self-
propelled, self-propelling]
-
calculative
0
adj 1: used of persons; "the most calculating and selfish men in
the community" [syn: calculating, calculative,
conniving, scheming, shrewd]
-
captive
0
adj 1: being in captivity [syn: captive, confined,
imprisoned, jailed]
2: giving or marked by complete attention to; "that engrossed
look or rapt delight"; "then wrapped in dreams"; "so intent
on this fantastic...narrative that she hardly stirred"-
Walter de la Mare; "rapt with wonder"; "wrapped in thought"
[syn: captive, absorbed, engrossed, enwrapped,
intent, wrapped]
n 1: a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war
[syn: prisoner, captive]
2: an animal that is confined
3: a person held in the grip of a strong emotion or passion
-
collaborative
0
adj 1: accomplished by collaboration; "collaborative research"
-
commemorative
0
adj 1: intended as a commemoration; "a commemorative plaque"
[syn: commemorative, commemorating]
n 1: an object (such as a coin or postage stamp) made to mark an
event or honor a person
-
comparative
0
adj 1: relating to or based on or involving comparison;
"comparative linguistics"
2: estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; "a
relative stranger" [syn: relative, comparative] [ant:
absolute]
n 1: the comparative form of an adjective or adverb; "`faster'
is the comparative of the adjective `fast'"; "`less famous'
is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous'";
"`more surely' is the comparative of the adverb `surely'"
[syn: comparative, comparative degree]
-
conceptive
0
adj 1: capable of conceiving [syn: conceptive, impregnable]
-
consecutive
0
adv 1: in a consecutive manner; "we numbered the papers
consecutively" [syn: consecutive, sequentially]
adj 1: one after the other; "back-to-back home runs" [syn:
back-to-back, consecutive]
2: in regular succession without gaps; "serial concerts" [syn:
consecutive, sequent, sequential, serial,
successive]
3: successive (without a break); "sick for five straight days"
[syn: straight, consecutive]
-
consumptive
0
adj 1: tending to consume or use often wastefully; "water
suitable for beneficial consumptive uses"; "duties
consumptive of time and energy"; "consumptive fires"
[ant: generative, productive]
2: afflicted with or associated with pulmonary tuberculosis; "a
consumptive patient"; "a consumptive cough"
n 1: a person with pulmonary tuberculosis [syn: consumptive,
lunger, tubercular]
-
contemplative
0
adj 1: deeply or seriously thoughtful; "Byron lives on not only
in his poetry, but also in his creation of the 'Byronic
hero' - the persona of a brooding melancholy young man";
[syn: brooding, broody, contemplative,
meditative, musing, pensive, pondering,
reflective, ruminative]
n 1: a person devoted to the contemplative life
-
contraceptive
0
adj 1: capable of preventing conception or impregnation;
"contraceptive devices and medications" [syn:
contraceptive, prophylactic, antifertility]
n 1: an agent or device intended to prevent conception [syn:
contraceptive, preventive, preventative,
contraceptive device, prophylactic device, birth
control device]
-
cooperative
0
adj 1: involving the joint activity of two or more; "concerted
action"; "the conjunct influence of fire and strong
wind"; "the conjunctive focus of political opposition";
"a cooperative effort"; "a united effort"; "joint
military activities" [syn: concerted, conjunct,
conjunctive, cooperative]
2: done with or working with others for a common purpose or
benefit; "a cooperative effort" [ant: uncooperative]
3: willing to adjust to differences in order to obtain agreement
[syn: accommodative, cooperative]
n 1: a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by
farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods
and services and is run for the benefit of its owners [syn:
cooperative, co-op]
2: an association formed and operated for the benefit of those
using it
-
copulative
0
adj 1: syntactically connecting sentences or elements of a
sentence; "`and' is a copulative conjunction"
n 1: an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the
subject with the complement of a sentence [syn: copula,
copulative, linking verb]
-
correlative
0
adj 1: mutually related [syn: correlative, correlate,
correlated]
2: expressing a reciprocal or complementary relation;
"correlative conjunctions"
n 1: either of two or more related or complementary variables
[syn: correlate, correlative]
-
corroborative
0
adj 1: serving to support or corroborate; "collateral evidence"
[syn: collateral, confirmative, confirming,
confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory,
substantiating, substantiative, validating,
validatory, verificatory, verifying]
-
corruptive
0
adj 1: tending to corrupt or pervert [syn: corruptive,
perversive, pestiferous]
-
cumulative
0
adj 1: increasing by successive addition; "the benefits are
cumulative"; "the eventual accumulative effect of these
substances" [syn: accumulative, cumulative]
-
curative
0
adj 1: tending to cure or restore to health; "curative powers of
herbal remedies"; "her gentle healing hand"; "remedial
surgery"; "a sanative environment of mountains and fresh
air"; "a therapeutic agent"; "therapeutic diets" [syn:
curative, healing(p), alterative, remedial,
sanative, therapeutic]
n 1: a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain
[syn: remedy, curative, cure, therapeutic]
-
deceptive
0
adj 1: causing one to believe what is not true or fail to
believe what is true; "deceptive calm"; "a delusory
pleasure" [syn: deceptive, delusory]
2: designed to deceive or mislead either deliberately or
inadvertently; "the deceptive calm in the eye of the storm";
"deliberately deceptive packaging"; "a misleading
similarity"; "statistics can be presented in ways that are
misleading"; "shoddy business practices" [syn: deceptive,
misleading, shoddy]
-
declarative
0
adj 1: relating to the use of or having the nature of a
declaration [syn: declarative, declaratory,
asserting(a)] [ant: interrogative, interrogatory]
2: relating to the mood of verbs that is used simple in
declarative statements; "indicative mood" [syn: indicative,
declarative]
n 1: a mood (grammatically unmarked) that represents the act or
state as an objective fact [syn: indicative mood,
indicative, declarative mood, declarative, common
mood, fact mood]
-
decorative
0
adj 1: serving an esthetic rather than a useful purpose;
"cosmetic fenders on cars"; "the buildings were
utilitarian rather than decorative" [syn: cosmetic,
decorative, ornamental]
-
degenerative
0
adj 1: (of illness) marked by gradual deterioration of organs
and cells along with loss of function; "degenerative
diseases of old age"
-
deliberative
0
adj 1: involved in or characterized by deliberation and
discussion and examination; "a deliberative body"
-
demonstrative
0
adj 1: given to or marked by the open expression of emotion; "an
affectionate and demonstrative family" [ant:
undemonstrative]
2: serving to demonstrate [syn: demonstrative, illustrative]
n 1: a pronoun that points out an intended referent [syn:
demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative]
-
descriptive
0
adj 1: serving to describe or inform or characterized by
description; "the descriptive variable"; "a descriptive
passage" [ant: undescriptive]
2: describing the structure of a language; "descriptive grammar"
[ant: normative, prescriptive]
-
diminutive
0
adj 1: very small; "diminutive in stature"; "a lilliputian chest
of drawers"; "her petite figure"; "tiny feet"; "the
flyspeck nation of Bahrain moved toward democracy" [syn:
bantam, diminutive, lilliputian, midget,
petite, tiny, flyspeck]
n 1: a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin)
to indicate smallness
-
disintegrative
0
adj 1: tending to cause breakup into constituent elements or
parts [ant: integrative]
-
disruptive
0
adj 1: characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination;
"effects of the struggle will be violent and disruptive";
"riotous times"; "these troubled areas"; "the tumultuous
years of his administration"; "a turbulent and unruly
childhood" [syn: disruptive, riotous, troubled,
tumultuous, turbulent]
-
distributive
0
adj 1: serving to distribute or allot or disperse [ant:
collective]
-
durative
0
n 1: the aspect of a verb that expresses its duration [syn:
durative, durative aspect]
-
electromotive
0
adj 1: concerned with or producing electric current
-
emotive
0
adj 1: characterized by emotion [syn: affectional,
affective, emotive]
-
eruptive
0
adj 1: producing or characterized by eruptions; "an eruptive
disease"
2: produced by the action of fire or intense heat; "rocks formed
by igneous agents" [syn: igneous, eruptive] [ant:
aqueous, sedimentary]
3: actively spewing out lava; "a geyser is an intermittently
eruptive hot spring"
-
evaporative
0
adj 1: relating to or causing or being caused by evaporation;
"an evaporative cooler"
-
executive
0
adj 1: having the function of carrying out plans or orders etc.;
"the executive branch"
n 1: a person responsible for the administration of a business
[syn: executive, executive director]
2: persons who administer the law
3: someone who manages a government agency or department [syn:
administrator, executive]
-
exonerative
0
adj 1: providing absolution [syn: absolvitory, exonerative,
forgiving]
-
explorative
0
adj 1: serving in or intended for exploration or discovery; "an
exploratory operation"; "exploratory reconnaissance";
"digging an exploratory well in the Gulf of Mexico";
"exploratory talks between diplomats" [syn:
exploratory, explorative] [ant: nonexplorative,
nonexploratory, unexplorative, unexploratory]
-
figurative
0
adj 1: (used of the meanings of words or text) not literal;
using figures of speech; "figurative language" [syn:
figurative, nonliteral] [ant: literal]
2: consisting of or forming human or animal figures; "a figural
design"; "the figurative art of the humanistic tradition"-
Herbert Read [syn: figural, figurative]
-
furtive
0
adj 1: marked by quiet and caution and secrecy; taking pains to
avoid being observed; "a furtive manner"; "a sneak
attack"; "stealthy footsteps"; "a surreptitious glance at
his watch" [syn: furtive, sneak(a), sneaky,
stealthy, surreptitious]
2: secret and sly or sordid; "backstairs gossip"; "his low
backstairs cunning"- A.L.Guerard; "backstairs intimacies";
"furtive behavior" [syn: backstair, backstairs,
furtive]
-
generative
0
adj 1: having the ability to produce or originate; "generative
power"; "generative forces" [syn: generative,
productive] [ant: consumptive]
2: producing new life or offspring; "the reproductive potential
of a species is its relative capacity to reproduce itself
under optimal conditions"; "the reproductive or generative
organs" [syn: generative, procreative, reproductive]
-
imperative
0
adj 1: requiring attention or action; "as nuclear weapons
proliferate, preventing war becomes imperative";
"requests that grew more and more imperative" [ant:
beseeching, imploring, pleading]
2: relating to verbs in the imperative mood
n 1: a mood that expresses an intention to influence the
listener's behavior [syn: imperative mood, imperative,
jussive mood, imperative form]
2: some duty that is essential and urgent
-
inoperative
0
adj 1: not working or taking effect; "an inoperative law" [ant:
operative]
-
inscriptive
0
adj 1: of or relating to an inscription
-
integrative
0
adj 1: combining and coordinating diverse elements into a whole
[ant: disintegrative]
2: tending to consolidate [syn: consolidative, integrative]
-
interpretive
0
adj 1: that provides interpretation [syn: interpretative,
interpretive]
-
irruptive
0
adj 1: of igneous rock that has solidified beneath the earth's
surface; granite or diorite or gabbro [syn: irruptive,
plutonic]
-
legislative
0
adj 1: relating to a legislature or composed of members of a
legislature; "legislative council"
2: of or relating to or created by legislation; "legislative
proposal"
-
locomotive
0
adj 1: of or relating to locomotion [syn: locomotive,
locomotor]
n 1: a wheeled vehicle consisting of a self-propelled engine
that is used to draw trains along railway tracks [syn:
locomotive, engine, locomotive engine, railway
locomotive]
-
lucrative
0
adj 1: producing a sizeable profit; "a remunerative business"
[syn: lucrative, moneymaking, remunerative]
-
maladaptive
0
adj 1: showing faulty adaptation [ant: adaptative, adaptive]
-
manipulative
0
adj 1: skillful in influencing or controlling others to your own
advantage; "the early manipulative techniques of a three-
year-old child"
-
motive
0
adj 1: causing or able to cause motion; "a motive force";
"motive power"; "motor energy" [syn: motive(a),
motor]
2: impelling to action; "it may well be that ethical language
has primarily a motivative function"- Arthur Pap; "motive
pleas"; "motivating arguments" [syn: motivative(a),
motive(a), motivating]
n 1: the psychological feature that arouses an organism to
action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action;
that which gives purpose and direction to behavior; "we did
not understand his motivation"; "he acted with the best of
motives" [syn: motivation, motive, need]
2: a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music
[syn: motif, motive]
3: a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or
colors, as in architecture or decoration [syn: motif,
motive]
-
narrative
0
adj 1: consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story;
"narrative poetry"
n 1: a message that tells the particulars of an act or
occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or
drama or cinema or as a radio or television program; "his
narrative was interesting"; "Disney's stories entertain
adults as well as children" [syn: narrative, narration,
story, tale]
-
nutritive
0
adj 1: of or providing nourishment; "good nourishing stew" [syn:
alimentary, alimental, nourishing, nutrient,
nutritious, nutritive]
-
operative
0
adj 1: being in force or having or exerting force; "operative
regulations"; "the major tendencies operative in the
American political system" [ant: inoperative]
2: relating to or requiring or amenable to treatment by surgery
especially as opposed to medicine; "a surgical appendix"; "a
surgical procedure"; "operative dentistry" [syn: surgical,
operative] [ant: medical]
3: effective; producing a desired effect; "the operative word"
4: (of e.g. a machine) performing or capable of performing; "in
running (or working) order"; "a functional set of brakes"
[syn: running(a), operative, functional, working(a)]
n 1: a person secretly employed in espionage for a government
[syn: secret agent, intelligence officer, intelligence
agent, operative]
2: someone who can be employed as a detective to collect
information [syn: private detective, PI, private eye,
private investigator, operative, shamus, sherlock]
-
pejorative
0
adj 1: expressing disapproval; "dyslogistic terms like `nitwit'
and `scalawag'" [syn: dyslogistic, dislogistic,
pejorative]
-
penetrative
0
adj 1: having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine
distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and
politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike
reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a
fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative
observations" [syn: acute, discriminating,
incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating,
penetrative, piercing, sharp]
2: tending to penetrate; having the power of entering or
piercing; "a toxic penetrative spray applied to the surface";
"a cold penetrating wind"; "a penetrating odor" [syn:
penetrative, penetrating]
-
perceptive
0
adj 1: of or relating to perception; "perceptive faculties"
2: having the ability to perceive or understand; keen in
discernment; "a perceptive eye"; "a perceptive observation"
[ant: unperceiving, unperceptive]
-
postoperative
0
adj 1: happening or done after a surgical operation;
"postoperative complications"; "postoperative care"
-
preoperative
0
adj 1: happening or done before and in preparation for a
surgical operation
-
preparative
0
adj 1: preceding and preparing for something; "preparatory
steps" [syn: preparatory, preparative,
propaedeutic]
-
prescriptive
0
adj 1: pertaining to giving directives or rules; "prescriptive
grammar is concerned with norms of or rules for correct
usage" [syn: prescriptive, normative] [ant:
descriptive]
-
presumptive
0
adj 1: having a reasonable basis for belief or acceptance; "the
presumptive heir (or heir apparent)"
2: affording reasonable grounds for belief or acceptance;
"presumptive evidence"; "a strong presumptive case is made
out"
-
receptive
0
adj 1: open to arguments, ideas, or change; "receptive to reason
and the logic of facts"
2: ready or willing to receive favorably; "receptive to the
proposals" [syn: receptive, open] [ant: unreceptive]
3: of a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing
toward the central nervous system; "sensory neurons" [syn:
centripetal, receptive, sensory(a)]
4: able to absorb liquid (not repellent); "the paper is ink-
receptive"
-
recuperative
0
adj 1: promoting recuperation; "recuperative powers"; "strongly
recuperative remedies"; "restorative effects of exercise"
[syn: recuperative, restorative]
-
redemptive
0
adj 1: of or relating to or resulting in redemption; "a
redemptive theory about life"- E.K.Brown [syn:
redemptive, redemptional, redemptory]
2: bringing about salvation or redemption from sin; "saving
faith"; "redemptive (or redeeming) love" [syn: redemptive,
redeeming(a), saving(a)]
-
regulative
0
adj 1: restricting according to rules or principles; "a
regulatory gene" [syn: regulative, regulatory]
-
reiterative
0
adj 1: marked by iteration [syn: iterative, reiterative]
-
relative
0
adj 1: estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; "a
relative stranger" [syn: relative, comparative] [ant:
absolute]
2: properly related in size or degree or other measurable
characteristics; usually followed by `to'; "the punishment
ought to be proportional to the crime"; "earnings relative to
production" [syn: proportional, relative]
n 1: a person related by blood or marriage; "police are
searching for relatives of the deceased"; "he has distant
relations back in New Jersey" [syn: relative, relation]
2: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as
related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)
[syn: relative, congener, congenator, congeneric]
-
remunerative
0
adj 1: for which money is paid; "a paying job"; "remunerative
work"; "salaried employment"; "stipendiary services"
[syn: compensable, paying(a), remunerative,
salaried, stipendiary]
2: producing a sizeable profit; "a remunerative business" [syn:
lucrative, moneymaking, remunerative]
-
restorative
0
adj 1: tending to impart new life and vigor to; "the renewing
warmth of the sunshine" [syn: renewing, restorative,
reviving, revitalizing, revitalising]
2: promoting recuperation; "recuperative powers"; "strongly
recuperative remedies"; "restorative effects of exercise"
[syn: recuperative, restorative]
n 1: a medicine that strengthens and invigorates [syn: tonic,
restorative]
2: a device for treating injury or disease [syn: corrective,
restorative]
-
retributive
0
adj 1: of or relating to or having the nature of retribution;
"retributive justice demands an eye for an eye" [syn:
retaliatory, relatiative, retributive,
retributory, vindicatory]
2: given or inflicted in requital according to merits or
deserts; "retributive justice" [syn: retributive,
retributory, vindicatory]
-
secretive
0
adj 1: inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging
information; "although they knew her whereabouts her
friends kept close about it" [syn: close,
closelipped, closemouthed, secretive,
tightlipped]
-
speculative
0
adj 1: not financially safe or secure; "a bad investment"; "high
risk investments"; "anything that promises to pay too
much can't help being risky"; "speculative business
enterprises" [syn: bad, risky, high-risk,
speculative]
2: not based on fact or investigation; "a notional figure of
cost helps in determining production costs"; "speculative
knowledge" [syn: notional, speculative]
3: showing curiosity; "if someone saw a man climbing a light
post they might get inquisitive"; "raised a speculative
eyebrow" [syn: inquisitive, speculative, questioning,
wondering(a)]
-
superlative
0
adj 1: highest in quality [syn: greatest, sterling(a),
superlative]
n 1: an exaggerated expression (usually of praise); "the critics
lavished superlatives on it"
2: the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of
development; "his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty";
"the artist's gifts are at their acme"; "at the height of her
career"; "the peak of perfection"; "summer was at its peak";
"...catapulted Einstein to the pinnacle of fame"; "the summit
of his ambition"; "so many highest superlatives achieved by
man"; "at the top of his profession" [syn: acme, height,
elevation, peak, pinnacle, summit, superlative,
meridian, tiptop, top]
3: the superlative form of an adjective or adverb; "`fastest' is
the superlative of the adjective `fast'"; "`least famous' is
the superlative degree of the adjective `famous'"; "`most
surely' is the superlative of the adverb `surely'" [syn:
superlative, superlative degree]
-
ulcerative
0
adj 1: of or relating to or characterized by ulceration;
"ulcerative colitis"
-
unassertive
0
adj 1: inclined to timidity or lack of self-confidence; "a shy
unassertive person" [ant: assertive, self-asserting,
self-assertive]
-
uncooperative
0
adj 1: unwilling to cooperate; "an uncooperative witness" [ant:
cooperative]
2: intentionally unaccommodating; "the action was not offensive
to him but proved somewhat disobliging" [syn: disobliging,
uncooperative]
-
undemonstrative
0
adj 1: not given to open expression of emotion [ant:
demonstrative]
-
unreceptive
0
adj 1: not receptive [ant: open, receptive]
-
vituperative
0
adj 1: marked by harshly abusive criticism; "his scathing
remarks about silly lady novelists"; "her vituperative
railing" [syn: scathing, vituperative]
-
votive
0
adj 1: dedicated in fulfillment of a vow; "votive prayers"